Shattering the Speedy Hesalite Apollo / NASA selection myth (maybe)

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In the 1993 Alan Nelson paper, he recounts but without citation the 1972 Statement of Specifications. It’s a bit frustrating the absence of citation, because the paper is otherwise associated with 90 pages of cited period correspondence surrounding the controversy with Bulova.

Until the 1972 “Request for Quote” itself is found, Nelson’s recounting seems the best we’ve got for the ‘72 SOS:





Reviewing this - in particular the requirement that the crystal be anti-reflective - I’m left wondering: when did anti-reflective coatings for sapphire crystals became prevalent?

Meanwhile, perhaps the gating issue is instead: how many of the following companies were producing a chronograph with a sapphire crystal in ~1971-1972 (much less one with an anti-reflective coating)?

Nelson’s paper does list and provide source materials for the companies that received the RFQ in ‘72



So regarding that requalification in ‘72, the SOS question is really: did any of these companies have a chronograph with sapphire crystal, much less an anti-reflective coating (assuming, without basis, that all 16 companies responded - which is unlikely).

Later in ‘78, prompted by Bulova in connection with the shuttle missions, NASA requalified again but testing only Bulova and Omega watches (this is the test for which Omega sent 3 models). The correspondence doesn’t specify the crystal type of the submitted Bulovas.

Have there been any requalifications since 1978?

If not, then:

• In 1962, the SOS required a “shatterproof” crystal (while if any alternative companies offered a chronograph with a non-acrylic crystal, it was perhaps more likely a mineral crystal notorious for ‘shattering?)

• In 1972, the SOS required the crystal be “anti-reflective” (while if any alternative companies offered a chronograph with a sapphire crystal at all, would it have had anti-reflective coating? Perhaps exploring the catalogues of the other 15 makers would shed light - assuming without basis they all responded).

• In 1978, the SOS is unknown still, but only Bulova was tested (with the crystal material of Bulova’s submissions unknown) - and the Bulovas performed poorly

In all, while an acrylic crystal was in ‘62 specified (by the “shatterproof”), thereafter seems possible that acrylic stuck by default.
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@cvalue13
Thanks for the info an posts. I am on another project currently so will take a while to unpack everything and also help with some research in due course. This thread has been a slow burn anyway but has moved on a lot recently with your help.
A few random thoughts.
- I have seen vintage watch adverts for sports watches highlighting unbreakable glass. I guess we do need an understanding of how unbreakable things need to be (versus shatterproof) and what the impact / pressure tests might be.
-When people have a bias on selection they will sometimes write needs into the specification just to exclude non-preferred bidders.
- I am not sure how glass shards compare to dust as a risk or the perceived maximum size of a glass shards from a broken crystal.
- I was aware of the dust issues. Also as it has not been eroded it is a very very abrasive material. I need to check the reports to see the minimum size and understand if it might be respirable which brings a whole host of long term health risks.
- NASA have been looking into suitport technology to keep the dust and suit outside but I imagine there would still be a suit maintenance issue. They new Z suits also appear to have disposable / quick change outer elements (shorts, shoulder pads etc) as a small aside I hate the design aesthetic (same for the dragon suit).
- NASA are also looking at electrostatic and costing technology to prevent and remove dust contamination.
- Lastly I read a specification for a folding projector screen on the ISS. A key point was the ability to clean it due to floating debris (food gunk, dust etc) so even with the current safety rules and modern filtration there is a recognition the ISS has its share of contamination in the atmosphere.
.
Thanks again for all the info - I will take time to digest it. It would be good if someone can identify the relevant specification and tests (ESA or NASA) which impacts watch crystal approval for EVA and IVA.
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@cvalue13 nice research you are doing. The Effects of Lunar Dust report is an interesting document.

A funny anecdote, and maybe just funny to me, regarding Ed Mitchell and winding his Apollo 14 Speedmaster.

When I was working with him on his piece for my collection I had an opportunity to ask a few questions about his Apollo 14 Speedmaster. One question I asked was “Do you recall getting a reminder from mission control or a specific checklist item reminding you to wind your watches daily?” After I asked the question there was a brief pause, and then he said: “I never worried about winding my watch, I wore a Rolex.”
 
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When I was working with him on his piece for my collection I had an opportunity to ask a few questions about his Apollo 14 Speedmaster. One question I asked was “Do you recall getting a reminder from mission control or a specific checklist item reminding you to wind your watches daily?” After I asked the question there was a brief pause, and then he said: “I never worried about winding my watch, I wore a Rolex.”

Ken Mattingly on Apollo 16 apparently didn’t wear a Rolex 😁
 
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Ken Mattingly on Apollo 16 apparently didn’t wear a Rolex 😁

Indeed, searching all the Apollo mission transcripts you will find they are chocked full of great watch, chronograph, and timing references.

Look at Apollo 14's transcripts where you will see Shepard tell Mitchell he's got so many watches on his wrist Shepard is surprised Mitchell can lift his arm.

You can also pick up a few watch references from some of the onboard videos as well if you listen closely enough. Here is short clip 1 minute clip I cut from Apollo 10 that I believe would make a great little Omega ad.....that is right up until the point Cernan asks "Give me a wizzer and TP over here"😀

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Well, still have to see a NASA document stating details about the Apollo 15 Commader losing the hesalite of his NASA-issued Speedmaster n° 42 during A15 lunar EVA-2 on August 1, 1971.
 
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Well, still have to see a NASA document stating details about the Apollo 15 Commader losing the hesalite of his NASA-issued Speedmaster n° 42 during A15 lunar EVA-2 on August 1, 1971.
This thread is a blast from the past...

Interesting point. I guess the watches were well established and tested kit and they had a few of them, so unless a major incident (or a complete loss of function / risk to the mission) they might not consider it worthwhile for the mission report unless it might lead to a new product selection or design change (unlikely for a well established COTS part). Due to the number of main panel timer related failures on this mission, it seems clear that the watches were important. A lot of hacks were provided and failure of mission and digital events timers did cause some issues (as show on the edits attached). Of course, the up-link / radio link covered a multitude of sins, but they could not totally rely on that.

At what point is the loss of the crystal recorded / how is it known? There seems to be a hint of a watch issue when suiting up for an EVA (see attached) reported by the Commander. It would be good to hear the actual recording. Also interesting that it looks to be during depressurisation before egress. That would make sense and is similar as a failure mode to the Apollo 16 incident which was officially reported (also the watch did stop after 12 mins (Charlie Duke).

@TLIGuy any comments on this one thanks

Mission Timer (panel 2 / Event Timer panel 1)
Unlike the Mission Timer, the Event Timer can count down as well as up. As with the Mission Timer it is reset to zero and starts counting up at launch, and it will also reset to zero in the event of an abort, to count time since the abort. The Event Timer is not working before launch.
Another difference from the Mission Timer is that rather than an illuminated LED display, the Event Timer uses a more traditional design where the numbers are printed on rotating drums which turn over time. The readout can display any time from 00:00 to 59:59.
The MIN/SEC switches for the Event Timer operate in a similar manner to those for the Mission Timer, allowing you to change the displayed time. However, when the RESET/UP/DOWN switch is set to DOWN, the MIN/SEC switches will reduce the time displayed rather than increase it.

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I have been guilty of telling people one of the reasons Nasa selected the speedy was Hesalite/acrylic crystal does not smash and create glass fragments. I have seen the story repeated on a number or reputable influencer websites over the years.

‘’NASA chose it because, unlike a sapphire crystal, it would not break into tiny fragments if broken’’

I saw comments from a certain space chimp on this forum which got me thinking is this true and how could I check it with my limited time and resources…

Glass is not conductive but it can puncture equipment and cause external (and if ingested) internal injury so there is some potential for a mission to be jeopardised. Logically the story all makes sense.

It does look like after the speedy passed the onerous NASA tests to achieve flight certification Omega did offer to swap for Sapphire crystal but NASA said no (any documented proof or information appreciated). In hindsight all this proves is that NASA wanted the watches supplied as tested which makes sense, any engineer knows introducing a new material invalidates the original tests, plus if you can take COTs (commercial off the shelf) unmodified product then why complicate things?

I can’t see any documentation or information in the original NASA tests which specifies no glass crystal and I am interested if anyone knows what crystal the other tested watches used?

So far so nothing… Instead I decided to find out what NASA thought about glass and did anything ever break on the missions. That information has made me rethink and jumping to a conclusion while Hesalite may have some beneficial failure mode characteristics, I now think this was a lucky coincidence and not part of the selection criteria for the Speedmaster. I still love Hesalite by the way.

If you have got this far this is what changed my mind: -

The Apollo Experience Report Spacecraft Structural Windows 1973 states that the optics and instrument covers were not considered as structural, so not subject to design qualification which would have helped preclude failures and steps were taken to remedy this after Apollo 15.

Why Apollo 15… well the New York Times reported on 29/07/1971 that on inspection after launch the Astronauts found an instrument dial glass in the Lunar Module had shattered (the range/range-rate instrument pictured below).

It is a lot bigger than any watch crystal. Mission transcripts (examples pictured below) dated 27th make various references to cleaning the fragments with sticky tape and thanks to a partnership with Black and Decker also the first portable vacuum cleaner ‘Dust Buster’. This all leads me to think that watch crystal glass material would not have been a top design priority in 1965.

Another relevant item which I have limited information on are the super cool USAF approved American Optical pilot sunglasses ‘flight goggle’ issued to all the crews (pictured). I think these had glass lenses (any clarification gratefully received) so this could be another good example that glass was not banned. It was 1972 before the FDA regulated that all sunglasses must be shatter resistant and I believe like the vacuum cleaner another NASA spin off at that time was scratch resistant plastic lenses (thanks to previous research from NASA’s Dr Ted Wydeven).

Of course, the helmets were all eye wateringly expensive high strength polycarbonate and the spacecraft windows were all very specialised laminates – but based on my initial research I can’t see any evidence there was a plastic/acrylic only remit for smaller items at the time the Speedy was selected.

This post is already too long, but I have enjoyed researching the data so far. It is amazing how many technologies have spawned from the space race. Any extra information appreciated. As a speedy fan I was a bit disappointed with my conclusion so will be very happy to be proved wrong. I should also say a big thanks to the NASA team and all the wonderful people who post this info online.