I have been guilty of telling people one of the reasons Nasa selected the speedy was Hesalite/acrylic crystal does not smash and create glass fragments. I have seen the story repeated on a number or reputable influencer websites over the years.

‘’NASA chose it because, unlike a sapphire crystal, it would not break into tiny fragments if broken’’

I saw comments from a certain space chimp on this forum which got me thinking is this true and how could I check it with my limited time and resources…

Glass is not conductive but it can puncture equipment and cause external (and if ingested) internal injury so there is some potential for a mission to be jeopardised. Logically the story all makes sense.

It does look like after the speedy passed the onerous NASA tests to achieve flight certification Omega did offer to swap for Sapphire crystal but NASA said no (any documented proof or information appreciated). In hindsight all this proves is that NASA wanted the watches supplied as tested which makes sense, any engineer knows introducing a new material invalidates the original tests, plus if you can take COTs (commercial off the shelf) unmodified product then why complicate things?

I can’t see any documentation or information in the original NASA tests which specifies no glass crystal and I am interested if anyone knows what crystal the other tested watches used?

So far so nothing… Instead I decided to find out what NASA thought about glass and did anything ever break on the missions. That information has made me rethink and jumping to a conclusion while Hesalite may have some beneficial failure mode characteristics, I now think this was a lucky coincidence and not part of the selection criteria for the Speedmaster. I still love Hesalite by the way.

If you have got this far this is what changed my mind: -

The Apollo Experience Report Spacecraft Structural Windows 1973 states that the optics and instrument covers were not considered as structural, so not subject to design qualification which would have helped preclude failures and steps were taken to remedy this after Apollo 15.

Why Apollo 15… well the New York Times reported on 29/07/1971 that on inspection after launch the Astronauts found an instrument dial glass in the Lunar Module had shattered (the range/range-rate instrument pictured below).

It is a lot bigger than any watch crystal. Mission transcripts (examples pictured below) dated 27th make various references to cleaning the fragments with sticky tape and thanks to a partnership with Black and Decker also the first portable vacuum cleaner ‘Dust Buster’. This all leads me to think that watch crystal glass material would not have been a top design priority in 1965.

Another relevant item which I have limited information on are the super cool USAF approved American Optical pilot sunglasses ‘flight goggle’ issued to all the crews (pictured). I think these had glass lenses (any clarification gratefully received) so this could be another good example that glass was not banned. It was 1972 before the FDA regulated that all sunglasses must be shatter resistant and I believe like the vacuum cleaner another NASA spin off at that time was scratch resistant plastic lenses (thanks to previous research from NASA’s Dr Ted Wydeven).

Of course, the helmets were all eye wateringly expensive high strength polycarbonate and the spacecraft windows were all very specialised laminates – but based on my initial research I can’t see any evidence there was a plastic/acrylic only remit for smaller items at the time the Speedy was selected.

This post is already too long, but I have enjoyed researching the data so far. It is amazing how many technologies have spawned from the space race. Any extra information appreciated. As a speedy fan I was a bit disappointed with my conclusion so will be very happy to be proved wrong. I should also say a big thanks to the NASA team and all the wonderful people who post this info online.

 

Great information! I too was under the impression it was part of the testing requirements.

 

While the fragmentation issue was likely helpful, and it did pass the testing, I've got to figure that the hesalite (acrylic) crystal was used simply because it was the current-state material for tool-watch crystals. I can't recall, but maybe there was something in the procurement spec / RFP that covered crystal material?

 

I’m not saying it wasn’t a factor... but the mark II does not have hesalite and was designed with the space program in mind.

Nor was it listed in the requirements. I believe the Daytona has mineral glass.

When they retested in 79 the Speedy did not have a sapphire option.

 

I am interested to get it confirmed if the vintage American Optical pilot sunglasses were glass lenses. I think they are and that would seal it for me.

 

While I admire your effort I disagree with your conclusion.

Here is the page regarding the sunglasses from the June 1973 Handbook of Pilot Operational Equipment for Manned Spaceflight. Sorry no glass lenses.



EDIT - Also, here is more than you ever needed to know about the NASA era sunglasses.

 

Fwiw, I recall Mr. James Regan talking about this at the Christie's auction in 2015 and said that the hesalite was preferred so it wouldn't shatter.

 

Just 2 times five cents on the subject:
1. Hesalite is a sort of plexiglass (= brand of acrylic) but after the Apollo 1 fire, NASA wanted to avoid using plexiglass items. Of course the amount of plexiglass on a Speedmaster is very small so no hazard there. However, the original version of Belgian artist Paul Van Hoeydonck's Fallen Astronaut figurine was encapsulated in a plexiglass cylinder, and four days before launch, it had to be altered as a stand-alone figurine.
2. Worst thing to break would be an astronaut's helmet... But this happened on Gemini III, the first flight with NASA-issued Speedmasters. Although the GEmini astronauts swapped their shiny silver G2C spacesuits for the white G3C version, the helmet remained the same. During opening of the parachutes, the Gemini capsule shifted from its almost vertical position to a more horizontal position for splash-down. During the shift, astronaut Gus Grissom moved a bit forward and hit an instrument panel knob which punched a huge hole in the acrylic faceplate of his helmet !
.

 

The y came with hesalite crystals standard, why would NASA want sapphire crystals? It's a tool watch.

 

I do not remember NASA saying it specified hesalite (or plastic) over sapphire crystals, this speculation came from others.
My understanding is that NASA requested chronograph watches from 10 different brands for testing, 4 replied, supplying chronos with plastic crystals.
Omega's one passed, the others did not.
Just a coincidence.
If one of the 10 had supplied a sapphire or glass crystal on a chrono and it passed, it would have flown to the moon.

 

Sapphire watch crystals weren’t even an option during the timeframe of the Apollo Missions. It was a choice between non brittle plastic or brittle glass. They chose plastic. I’ll try to post back with the exact date of the first sapphire watch crystal but it sure as hell wasnt in the mid 1960s, it seems to be no earlier than the early 1970s with the Oysterquartz and Royal Oak.

The main reason they didn’t fit sapphire is likely that it wasn’t available. A bit like the fallacy about why the watch chosen was manual wind...

 

Sapphire crystals were being used in the 30s.

 

http://www.vintagewatchstraps.com/blogomegamarine.php

 

Thanks for all the posts and extra information. I think the sunglasses were a red herring and although I can’t find anything official / definitive from the sixties I would now say 99% they are a treated plastic lens. @SpeedyPhil I did not know about the Gemini 3 visor incident. Looks like Gus never had the best luck (RIP). That visor was Perspex and I think part of the reason they moved to Polycarbonate. The visor incident is not mentioned much in the post mission notes. The post from TLIGuy did lead me to the handbook of pilot operational equipment for manned space flight which had the info below on the Speedmaster. Very detailed but again no mention of the watch crystal. Also, as they kept the same SEB part number into the seventies NASA did not seem to have too much concern about incremental design changes post selection (crown guards, 861,1861, 1861a etc), Perhaps copies of the actual production orders would shed light on that. Of course, it was re-tested by NASA for the Shuttle in 78 and passed which validated that decision, but again I don’t see any special focus on the watch crystal for those tests. I imagine Omega have a treasure trove of documentation and it is a shame more of that is not in the public domain like all the declassified NASA data from Apollo. Long story short I have to stick with my original conclusion - while Hesalite may have some beneficial failure mode characteristics, it was a lucky coincidence and not part of the selection or test criteria for the Speedmaster.

 

Very interesting. I would be interested to hear of another use until 1970 though.

 

Sapphette

 

I think it also depend on the terms. Plexiglass, Perspex, acrylic... In terms of Sapphire glass I am sure likewise there are other types of 'toughened' materials and processes. I would also be interested to know more on this subject as well and how watch crystal design evolved.

Talking glass this is one of my favourite Apollo shots (from mission 7). Just brings the reality of the missions into focus for me.

 

@Omegafanman if you want to see what shattering glass looks like take a look at this video about the development and testing of lunar module and scroll to 25:30 in this video. This is a great documentary about the development of the LEM from an engineering standpoint.

I believe if you press the > it will start just before the glass implosion.

 

Thanks - I will watch it shortly - appreciate the link.

 

@Omegafanman wrote: Omega have a treasure trove of documentation...

Maybe so but IMHO what they have been doing with it the last couple of years leaves much to be desired, but I won't go into details as this has been pointed out in other topics...