In the spirit of collecting cal.1040 things here, I happened upon the video linked below - published on YouTube by '
WATCH CHRONICLER' in Aug. of 2020, and titled "
SOVIET SPEEDMASTER: The Omega Watches Worn by Cosmonauts"
The video is in part an ode to the cal.1040, and specifically the author's own 176.002 (Speedmaster Mark III), as well as the 178.002 (the "125," with the cal.1041 movement). In particular, the author gives a brief argument for why the cal.1040 was an ideal "sort of Flightmaster [but] for space flight."
As far as the details of Russian space history reported in the video, I don't vouch, I only find interesting; likely, folks such as
@SpeedyPhill could cite chapter and verse as to grey areas, missinfo, etc.
[EDIT: indeed,
@SpeedyPhill had already covered his corrections here, and notes
SSome obvious mistakes, Soyuz 14 photo shown while talking about Soyuz 15, and it were Alaska II project Speedmasters on Soyuz 25 & 26 Moreover, Vladimir Dzhanibekov wore the Speedmaster 125 chronograph on Soyuz T-6, T-12 and T-13 accumulating 131 days-in-space for this watch before returning it to the Omega museum in April 1991
That caveat given, the video still provides one introductory view of how 1970's more 'forward looking' Omega sport watches such as the cal.1040 family were passed over by NASA but more readily adopted by the Russian space program. Other such 'forward looking' 1970s Omegas used by cosmonauts and discussed in the video are the Flightmaster and Alaska Project.
My summary of the video author's take: for some reason NASA "stuck" with the 'regular' Speedmaster though the 1970's, eschewing the 1970's technological advancements offered to NASA by Omega; the Russians, meanwhile, we're more eager to take aboard such advancements.
To the degree this theme is true, it is a rather interesting and romantic subplot to the cal.1040s roll in space travel through the 1970s.
A few comments assertions made in the video, as relates to the subject of this cal.1040 thread:
-> Discussing the Mark III being the first automatic Speedmaster, the author states the Mark III was launched in 1971. I'm dubious of the 1971 exactness with respect to the Mark III; while the cal.1040 (in the form of the 176.007) can more certainly be attributed to 1971, I don't know of anything confirming the Mark III (an offering made subsequent to the 176.007) having also left the gates within 1971. My bet (as reflected in the genealogy in the post at the top of this thread), places the Mark III as more likely a 1972 offering. But, perhaps a Russian space enthusiast may be able to correlate a 1971 photograph of cosmonauts wearing a Mark III, and lay that uncertainty to rest?
-> Still regarding the point of the Mark III being the first automatic Speedmaster, I'd add for completeness that the Mark III was also the first Speedmaster to offer a date complication, as well as a 24hr indicator ... which 24hr indicator is my personal focus regarding Russian cosmonauts and the cal.1040 movements, discussed below.
-> On the author's mostly general assertions that the Russians were attracted to the 'advanced technology' of Omega's 1970's, the author only explicitly suggests that the Russians were attracted to automatic winding offered by the cal.1040 family watches. He doesn't otherwise go into much detail about why automatic would be so preferred, or whether any
other features that may have been attractive to cosmonauts for any specific reason.
My opinion is that automatic winding would have been of secondary attraction to cosmonauts compared to another advanced feature of the cal.1040 watches. Specifically, the cal.1040 family watches offer 24hr indicators, which are particularly useful during space travel - as well as being uniquely useful to Russian cosmonauts.
First: why is a 24hr indicator uniquely useful to Russians? In short (and glossing over much detail and history), Russians primarily use 24 hour time in both technical and colloquial time-telling (in contrast to western countries that, derivative of British colonization, use 12hr time-telling colloquially and only 24hr time-telling when precision in required, e.g., in aeronautics, medicine, etc.). That Russian's use 24hr time-telling is why so many Russian-built watches have 24hr movements. So, a 12hr timepiece such as the 'normal' Speedmaster would have been somewhat unnatural to Russians, whereas the addition of a 24hr indicator in the cal.1040 watches would offer a touch of familiarity.
Second: a 24hr indicator is of critical importance during space travel (that is, as 'critical' as any wristwatch feature may be to space travel). In orbit, the sun can "rise" and "set" as often as every 90 minutes or so, and as a result the notions of "day" and "night" are unavailable for discerning the
actual time on a 12hr dial.
Consider just one thought experiment: if a person woke up in space and was asked the time, using only a 12hr dial (such as the 'normal' Speedmaster) their answer would be only a guess, and they would have only a 50/50 chance of getting the answer correct; but if a person woke up in space wearing a cal.1040, the 24hr indicator would allow the astronaut to know time with accuracy.
Because Russians typically use 24hr time-telling anyway, and because 24hr indicators are particularly useful in space travel, I would guess that the 24hr indicator in the cal.1040 family was particularly attractive to Russian cosmonauts. I'd go so far as to bet (on instinct alone) that the 24hr indicator would have been
more attractive than automatic winding focused on by the video's author (though, even better to have both - and why not the date, too.).
I'll birdwalk momentarily to note that I've always found it curious that NASA stuck with the pure chronograph Speedmasters through the 1970's, despite Omega specifically designing and offering to NASA models with 24hr indicators. On one view, NASA's rejection of models with 24hr indicators could be taken as evidence that NASA did not find 24hr indication to be important to their crews - but I think that view is untenable. I'll give four reasons.
> For one, NASA missions (like most aviation) use GMT time and 24hr clocks; so, all else being equal, it would seem more than just convenient if an astronaut's wristwatch were also in a 24hr format (or at bare minimum, include a 24hr indicator).
> For two, as described earlier, a 24hr timepiece is less prone to error or confusion in space, all else being equal, compared to a 12hr timepiece (and reducing error and confusion in space seems more than just a nicety). This is, after all, why NASA uses GMT and 24hr clocks.
> For three, there is historical support that NASA itself recognized the importance of 24hr time-telling for their astronauts: in training for Mercury 7, NASA ordered specially-made LeCoultre 24hr watches for the Mercury astronauts to become accustomed to reading 24-hour time due to the practical limitations of 12hr time-telling in space (an introductory glance at this history is provided in
this otherwise amazing article about the chap who found and purchased John Glenn's 'Mercury 7' LeCoultre).
> Fourth/finally, there is also ample evidence that many NASA astronauts brought along personal timepieces with either a true 24hr movements (such as astronaut Scott Carpenter's personal Breitling Navitimer Cosmonaute worn on NASA's Mercury-Atlas 7 mission) or a GMT/24hr indicator complication (such as the numerous personal Rolex GMT's taken along by various NASA astronauts). These personal choices do not seem an accident, given reasons one through 3 above.
For all these reasons, it is curious that 24hr chronograph timepieces were not heavily favored for NASA missions (once available and robust).
I can understand if NASA chose for space travel the 12hr Speedmaster over, e.g., the 24hr LeCoultre because the former was far more robust to endure space travel; but I continue to wonder why NASA later eschewed presumably equally robust offerings that included 24hr indicators. Clearly, somewhere in the mix, all else was not equal at NASA.
But, as for the Russians, I would guess that 24hr indicators were at least as attractive an offering as automatic winding. (And, I would consider, that the NASA astronaut's personal timepiece choices indicate that their preferences were not too dissimilar from their Russian peers?)
A contrary point: before using the cal.1040 family watches, the Russian's appeared to also use the Flightmaster. But they purportedly used the cal.911 version of Flightmaster, which version deleted the 24hr indicator in favor of running-seconds (and it's worth clarifying also that the Flightmaster's 2nd time zone hand was only a 12hr hand, with no ability to discern AM/PM without the deleted 24hr indicator).
Any of our space enthusiasts have a view on why NASA stuck with the 'regular' Speedmaster, when the Russians did not? More evidence for or against the musings above?